剑桥词典2024年度词汇:manifest
继柯林斯词典选出年度单词brat之后,剑桥词典也公布了自己的年度词汇:manifest。
Manifest在英语里面其实是一个有600多年历史的老词了,它来自法语和拉丁语,可以作为动词和形容词使用。作为动词使用时意思是“表明,表露”,作形容词时意思是“显而易见的,明显的”。
乔叟、莎士比亚、美国前总统杰克逊都曾使用过Manifest这个词,用法既有名词,也有动词和形容词。
1380年,乔叟在作品里写道:"It is cleer and manyfest that it is propre to the devyne thought." 莎士比亚在《威尼斯商人》一剧中写道:"For it appears, by manifest proceeding, that indirectly, and directly too, thou hast contriv'd against the very life of the defendant…" 在此,manifest是用作形容词的。
到了1793年,manifest可以用作名词,表示的意思是“商船上的正式人员和物品名单”。
to use methods such as visualization and affirmation to help you imagine achieving something you want, in the belief that doing so will make it more likely to happen
使用具象化和自我肯定等方法来想象自己想要实现的愿望,并相信这样做能帮助实现梦想。
它的意思就相当于“积极想象”,这一新含义之前只在一些自助群体和社交媒体上使用,但在疫情期间其使用频率开始快速增长。该词今年在剑桥词典网站上被查询了超过13万次,而且它也在主流媒体上被广泛使用。
《剑桥词典》出版经理温达琳·尼科尔斯说:“由于2024年发生的事件,manifest 一词在各类媒体中的使用范围大大拓宽,这表明一个词的含义会随着时间的推移而发生变化。”
“Manifest won this year because it increased notably in lookups, its use widened greatly across all types of media, and it shows how the meanings of a word can change over time.”
剑桥大学社会心理学教授 Sander van der Linden 表示,在新冠疫情期间,有关“显化”方法的帖文在社交媒体大受欢迎,其中包括流行的「3-6-9」方法,即早上写下自己的愿望3次,下午写下6次,睡前写下9次,但这个方法只会促成强迫行为,对“显化”没有实际帮助,但当社会名人不断在社交平台鼓吹如何“显化”成功,亦难怪人们会跟着做。
单词 manifest 的流行和明星、运动员和网红的助推不无关系,例如,歌手杜阿·利帕(Dua Lipa)、奥运短跑运动员加比·托马斯(Gabby Thomas)和英格兰前锋奥利·沃特金斯(Ollie Watkins)等名人在2024年都谈及通过manifesting实现自己的成功。
歌手Dua Lipa就将她的成功归功于manifesting这种方法。她之前一直有个愿望:去格拉斯顿伯里音乐节担任主唱。为了实现这个愿望,她每次在写歌的时候就想:如果这首歌拿到音乐节上表演,效果会怎么样?有没有什么需要改进的?她在今年终于如愿以偿,成了格拉斯顿伯里音乐节的主唱。
“If you set an intention and you think about it every single day of your life, and for me, Glastonbury for example, when I first started making music I dreamed about the day that I would get asked to headline Glastonbury.”
“And I’ve probably thought about it every single session that I’m in the studio, because when I write a song I think I go ‘oh what’s this going to sound like at Glastonbury?’”
“That in a way is setting that idea, that intention in the back of my mind,” she added. “I think it’s powerful.”
又比如很多运动员在经历艰苦训练的时候,会想象自己获得金牌的场景,以此来激励自己坚持下去。其中的代表运动员就是美国体操运动员西蒙·拜尔斯(Simon Biles):
“You have to write it down, you have to speak it into existence, you have to see it daily and then it usually happens,” she said in an interview in October.
现在油管上面还有很多博主在教人如何通过“积极想象”来实现自己的目标。
Manifest和白日梦最大的区别在于,白日梦是天马行空般地想象,想象的东西通常不切实际,只是一种娱乐手段。而manifest是积极地想象,人们通过想象完成目标的场景来给自己动力。
manifest作为一个方法,来自19世纪美国的新思维运动,这个运动强调精神治疗和形而上学。
It comes from New Thought philosophy, a 19th century spiritual movement from the United States that put an emphasis on spiritual healing and metaphysics.
吸引力法则是指,积极或消极的想法可以给一个人的生活带来积极或消极的现实,这是“显化”的核心,信徒们认为他们可以通过正确的步骤将愿望变成现实。
The philosophy's Law of Attraction theory - that positive or negative thoughts can bring positive or negative realities into a person's life - lies at the heart of manifesting, where believers are certain they can create their own realities with the right process.
加布里埃尔·厄廷根(Gabriele Oettingen)是一位学者和心理学家,她的职业生涯都在研究积极思考。她在研究中发现,积极思考能带来短期的好处,但从长远来看却是有害的。
Gabriele Oettingen, an academic and psychologist who has spent her career researching positive thinking, found in her research that it can offer short term benefits but actually be harmful in the long term.
加布里埃尔称,我们需要认真对待这些积极的白日梦和想象。她认为,人们无法消除积极思考,因为“想象是我们表达需求的方式”,这些需求是我们缺少的东西。
"These positive daydreams and fantasies, they need to be taken seriously," says Gabriele. "We can't eradicate positive thinking because fantasies are an expression of our needs – meaning that of which we are lacking."
不过“积极想象”这种方法究竟有没有用,目前还没有严谨的研究结论。它在近两年能流行的深层次原因可能在于,由于全球经济衰退的影响,很多人都感到焦虑以及对现实世界的无力,因此他们亟需一种能给他们力量的方法——不管这种方法是否足够严谨。这跟玄学的流行道理是一样的。
此外,剑桥词典今年还有brat, ecotarian, resilience这三个候选词。其中brat的意思是“自信、独立且及时行乐的”。而ecotarian是指“环保饮食者”,resilience意思是“适应力,复原力”。
在2024年,剑桥词典还重点追踪过以下几个字:
quishing: the scam of phishing via QR code.
resenteeism: to continue doing your job but resent it. This blend of resent and absenteeism is appearing in business journalism.
gymfluencer: a social media influencer whose content is focused on fitness or bodybuilding.
cocktail party problem (also cocktail party effect): the difficulty of focusing on one voice when there are multiple speakers in the room. This term from audiology is now being used with reference to AI.
vampire: a vampire device or vampire appliance is one which uses energy even when not in use. This is a new, adjective sense of an existing word.
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